Carta’s Illustrated History of Christianity

Table of Content:

Title	Page
EARLY CHRISTIANITY IN ITS SETTING	1
`The World of the Jews`	5
`Lands of the Bible Before Jesus: Palestine, the Crossroads of the Nations`	9
`The Holy Land Under Roman Rule (1st cent. BCE--1st cent. CE)`	11
`The Jerusalem of Jesus`	12
`The Jewish Matrix of Christianity`	14
`The Contribution of Archaeology`	16
`The Dead Sea Sect`	17

The World of the Greeks	18
`The Greek Background`	19
`The Rise of Hellenism`	21
`The Athens of Paul`	22

The Graeco-Roman World	23
`Christianity Under the Roman Heel (to 325 CE)`	23
`Flight of the Gods to Rome`	23
`The Roman Conquest of Britain (54 BCE--82 CE)`	26
`The Twelve Apostles in Tradition`	28
`Christological Debates and Early Councils (2nd--3rd cent.)`	31
`Teachers and Persecutions (2nd--3rd cent.)`	33
`Christianity and Gnosticism (2nd--3rd cent.)`	36
`Manichaeism (3rd cent. ff.)`	38

THE CHRISTIAN ROMAN EMPIRE	40
`Christianity Becomes Official`	42
`The Empire of Constantine and His Successors (f. 313, 325)`	42
`Constantinople---A New Capital (f. 330)`	45
`Byzantine Jerusalem`	46

Division of the Christian Imperium	49
`Resistance to Orthodox Theology and Roman Administration`	49
`Council of Chalcedon (451)`	52
`Decline of Roman Authority (5th--6th cent.)`	54
`Christianity in Byzantium (c 787)`	56
`Monasticism (2nd cent. ff.)`	59
`Egypt and Palestine`	59
`Cappadocia`	61
`Italy and France`	62
`Britain and Ireland`	63
`Ethiopia`	64
`Nestorian Christianity (431 ff.)`	65
`The Kingdom of the Khazars (c 700--1000)`	66
`Mohammed's Struggles`	67
`The Rise of Islam (7th cent. ff.)`	68

The Empire of Charlemagne and His Successors	70
`The Christian Empire of Charlemagne (742--814)`	70
`Aachen---A New Capital`	74
`Missionary Activities in the North (7th--9th cent.)`	75
`Cluny (f. 910) and Monastic Reform`	76
`The Holy Roman Empire of Otto the Great (962--73) and ‚His Successors`	78
`Britain at the Time of Alfred the Great (849--99)`	80
`East Versus West---The Omayyads and Abbasids (8th--9th cent.)`	81

Disintegration of the Carolingian Empire	86
`Shadows over the Holy Roman Empire (mid-11th cent.)`	86
`Italy and the Papal States (11th cent.)`	88
`Norsemen and the New World (8th--15th cent.)`	90
`England and the Norman Conquest (1066--72)`	92

Papal Efforts at Reintegration	94
`The Holy Crusades (11th--12th cent.)`	94
`The Capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders (1099)`	97
`The Empire of Frederick Barbarossa (c 1123--90)`	98
`Crusader Kingdoms (11th--15th cent.)`	101
`Cistercian Reform Movement (12th cent.)`	103
`Christendom at the Time of the Fourth Lateran Council (c 1215)`	105
`Teutonic Knights in the Baltic (13th--15th cent.)`	107
`Medieval Travelers to the Orient (13th--14th cent.)`	109
`Ramon Lull (c 1236--1315) and the Muslims`	110
`Medieval Theologians and Mystics (11th--14th cent.)`	112
`The Mongol Attack on Islam (12th--15th cent.)`	116
`The Black Death (14th cent.)`	118
`The Jews of Ashkenaz (9th--17th cent.)`	120
`Jewish Messianism: Hopes and Disappointments (13th--18th cent.)`	122
`The Unification of Spain (13th--early 16th cent.)`	124
`Expulsion of the Jews from the Iberian Peninsula (1492 ff.)`	126

Disintegration of Papal Authority	128
`Rise of the Cities (12th cent. ff.)`	128
`Rise of the Universities (11th cent.--1528)`	130
`"Babylonian Captivity"---The Papacy at Avignon (1309--77)`	132
`The Great Schism (1378--1409)`	134
`Divisions After the Council of Pisa (1409)`	134
`Reunion of East and West (1438--39)`	136
`Louis of Bavaria and the Pope (14th cent.)`	137
`Eastern Orthodoxy (1453)`	138
`The Fall of Constantinople (1453)`	139
`The Italian Renaissance (15th--17th cent.)`	140
`The Northern ("Christian") Renaissance (15th--16th cent.)`	142

Rebellion in Latin Christendom	144
`German Knights' War (1522--23)`	144
`German Peasants' Wars (1524--26)`	146
`The Radical Reformation (16th cent.)`	147
`Hutterite Colonies in Central Europe (16th--17th cent.)`	150

The Magisterial Reformation and Reformers	151
`Papal Politics: Alexander VI (Pope 1492--1503) and His Successors`	151
`The Reformers`	153
`Martin Luther (1483--1546)`	153
`Philipp Melanchthon (1497--1560)`	154
`Martin Butzer (1491--1551)`	155
`Ulrich Zwingli (1484--1531)`	156
`John Calvin (1509--64)`	157
`The Index of Forbidden Books`	157
`The Marburg Colloquy (1529)`	158
`The Reformation in Switzerland (16th cent.)`	160
`The Reformation in Scandinavia (16th cent.)`	163
`The Reformation in England (16th cent.)`	165
`New Alignments of Christian Europe (later 16th cent.)`	170

Wars of Religion	173
`Civil War in France (16th cent.)`	175
`The Flight of the Huguenots (16th--18th cent.)`	176
`Civil War in the Netherlands (16th cent.)`	178
`Civil War in England (16th--17th cent.)`	181
`John Knox and the Civil War in Scotland (16th--17th cent.)`	184
`Thirty Years' War in Germany (1618--48)`	187
`Repression of Jews in Europe (16th--17th cent.)`	189

Imperial and National Efforts at Reintegration of Latin Christendom	192
`The Empire of Charles V (Emperor 1519--56)`	192
`Portuguese and Spanish Voyages of Discovery (15th--16th cent.)`	195
`North European Voyages of Discovery (16th--18th cent.)`	198
`The Realm of Francis I (King of France 1515--47)`	200
`Spain Under Philip II (King 1556--98)`	203
`The Destruction of the Armada (1588)`	205
`Latin America (16th--18th cent.)`	207
`Ignatius Loyola (c. 1491--1556)`	208
`The Rise of the Jesuits (16th--18th cent.)`	209
`The Jesuits in the Americas (16th--18th cent.)`	214
`South America`	215
`North America (East)`	215
`North America (West)`	216
`Period I 1545--47 Sessions I--VIII`	216
`Period II 1551--52 Sessions IX--XIV`	217
`Period III 1562--63 Sessions XV--XXV`	218
`The Muslim Offensive in Europe (15th --17th cent.)`	219

Russia Under the Tsars (1547--1725)	222
`European Christendom in the Age of Colonialism`	225
`English Colonies in America (17th--18th cent.)`	225
`Pennsylvania---A Religious Refuge (17th--18th cent.)`	227
`India (c 1706)`	228
`Pietism (17th--18th cent.)`	230
`Pietism in Germany`	231
`Experimental Religion in England and America`	232
`Romanticism, Nationalism and Religious Revival`	233
`The Enlightenment`	234
`The Impact of the French Revolution (1789--1814)`	237
`The Holy Alliance in Europe (1815--1825)`	241
`Prussia`	242
`Russia`	245
`Austria-Hungary`	248
`Mennonites and Hutterites in Russia`	251
`Doukhobors in Southern Russia`	252
`The Papal States (1815--70)`	252
`The Old Catholic Secession (1870 ff.)`	256
`Scientific Method and Religion`	259
`Latin America from Colonies to Nationhood (19th cent.)`	260
`American Expansion and Religion (19th cent.)`	262
`The Aglipayan Church of the Philippines (c 1900)`	267
`Africa Before European Colonialism (16th cent.)`	267
`South African Migrations (19th cent.)`	270
`Africa Under Colonial Rule`	272
`Colonial Holdings in Asia (19th--20th cent.)`	274
`Colonial South Pacific`	277
`Imperial England (19th cent.)`	279
`The Holy Muslim Empire (broken up 1918)`	281
`The Baha'i Movement`	283
`Armenia`	284

Initiatives by the Rank and File ("Laity")	286
`New Religious Orders in France (19th cent.)`	288
`Renewal Movements in Germany (19th cent.)`	289
`Revivals of Religion in England (19th cent.)`	291

THE AGE OF PERSONAL DECISION	294

Christianity and Ideology	296
`Karl Marx (1818--83)`	296
`The European World of Marxism`	298
`The Fascist Empire (1922--45)`	302
`The Spanish Civil War (1936--39)`	304
`The Nazi Empire (c 1942)`	306
`The Two Chinas`	310
`The Arab League (1945 ff.)`	312
`The Two Irelands`	314
`State Religions and Ideologies`	315

Religions in America	322
`American Revivals of Religion`	322
`Early Activities of the ABCFM`	324
`The ABC in the Middle East`	325
`The ABC in Hawaii`	326
`American Religious Communities and Communes (19th cent.)`	326
`American Universities and Colleges (to 1860)`	329
`The American Civil War (1861--65)`	331
`Negro Higher Education After the Civil War`	334
`The Growth of Roman Catholicism in the USA`	336
`Anti-Evolution Laws in the USA`	339
`Christianity Outside the Ecumenical Sphere`	340
`The Lutheran Church, Missouri Synod`	340
`The Southern Baptist Convention`	340
`The Church of Christ, Scientist`	341
`Jehovah's Witnesses`	341
`The Church of Jesus Christ of Latterday Saints (Mormons)`	342
`Black Religion in America`	343
`Major Jewish Communities in the USA`	346
`National Council of the Churches of Christ (f. 1950)`	348

The Great Century of Christian Missions	350
`New American Churches`	350
`The Rise of Modern Missions`	352
`Missionary Awakening in Europe`	354
`Missionary Awakening in America`	356
`Missions in Latin America`	358
`Missions in Asia`	359
`Missions in the South Pacific`	360
`Missions in Africa`	362

The Ecumenical Movement	364
`The YMCA and YWCA`	364
`Europe`	365
`America`	365
`The Work of John R. Mott (1865--1955)`	367
`Mott's Travels in Asia`	368
`The World's Student Christian Federation (f. 1895)`	369
`Ecumenics in the 19th and 20th Centuries`	371
`Representation in Vatican II (1962--65)`	372
`The Harare Assembly of the World Council of Churches (1998)`	373
`Christian Renewal Movements`	375
`Christian Renewal in Post-War Germany`	375
`Christian Renewal in Europe`	378
`Christian Renewal in USA`	380
`Christian Renewal in Africa`	382
`Christian Renewal in Asia and the South Pacific`	384
`Latin America`	386
`Brethren`	387
`Mennonites`	387
`Quakers`	387
`Service Committees`	388

New Perspectives	390
`Unusual Religious Movements: USA`	391
`Unusual Religious Movements: Germany`	393
`Religious Ferment in Japan`	394
`Christian Churches and Groups`	394
`Shinto Centers`	395
`Buddhist Groups`	395
`Independent African Christian Movements`	396
`"Third Force" in Missionary Action`	398
`Mega-Churches`	400
`Centers of Interfaith Dialogue`	402
`German Councils of Christians and Jews`	403

Destruction and Renewal	404
`Christendom and the Holocaust`	405
`Memory Work After the Holocaust`	408
`A Restored Israel`	411